In the attempt to support the development of sustainable transport in Vietnam, this study investigates the material stocks and flows of transport infrastructure and subsequently evaluates this in-use stock efficiency regarding its provided service. Based on the statistical data from 2003 to 2012, the growth trends of inflow of the construction sector, as well as the significant consumption of construction minerals to support the transport infrastructure network development, were indicated. When considering the interaction between material stock and socioeconomic indicators, the vehicle growth was recognized as the driving force of the road stock accumulation. As regards the stocked material use efficiency of provinces, decomposition analysis showed that the Per Capita Mobility, Inverse of Vehicle ownership, and Inverse of Road density are the main determinants influencing the result. The outcome of this research is intended to assist the future development strategies, particularly the Green Growth Strategy in Vietnam.