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 The UN BBNJ Process and Its Future Application in the South China Sea
Tác giả hoặc Nhóm tác giả: Trần Thị Ngọc Sương
Nơi đăng: The 7th Biennial Conference - Asian Society of International Law; Số: 2019;Từ->đến trang: 00;Năm: 2019
Lĩnh vực: Xã hội nhân văn; Loại: Báo cáo; Thể loại: Quốc tế
TÓM TẮT

ABSTRACT
Areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) contain marine resources and biodiversity of immense ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural importance. Due to human development and environmental degradation, states are now facing new challenges in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The current international legal framework including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and regional arrangements are lacking in specific rules managing existing high-seas activities and their impacts on marine biodiversity. Moreover, the deficiency of global institutions and mechanisms have led to ineffective BBNJ protection from emerging and potential activities, such as deep-sea mining, bioprospecting, climate engineering, marine tourism, offshore mariculture, and installations for energy production. With an aim to specifically address the regulatory and governance gaps in ABNJ, a series of state discussions, initiated by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) since 2004, have focused on establishing a new international legally binding instrument on BBNJ conservation and sustainable use. Negotiations have so far reflected general convergence on the recognition of UNCLOS’ central role and the needs for global cooperation enhancement as well as for assistance to developing states. However, substantial divergence has existed in the four elements of a draft BBNJ document: (i) Access to marine genetic resources, including the sharing of benefits; (ii) Area-based management tools, including marine protected areas; (iii) Environmental impact assessments; and (iv) Capacity building and marine technology transfer. The South China Sea disputes in recent decades have generated significant regional instability, even after the Arbitration Award of 12 July 2016 in the case between the Philippines and China. With the rejection of China’s claims on its historic rights over most of the South China Sea and the denial of giving high-tide features in the Spratly Islands any exclusive economic zone or continental shelf, the Arbitral ruling has raised the possibility of the high seas and the seabed’s existence among claimant parties. Therefore, this area might come under the regulation of a future BBNJ Agreement, thus igniting higher competition and cooperation for BBNJ conservation and sustainable use. This article aims at introducing the needs of establishing a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for marine biodiversity management in ABNJ. It then discusses the negotiation process with key timelines and important contents to clear out different viewpoints from state participants. Finally, it gives an initial assessment of the process’s possible implementation in the South China Sea context.
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